Paper #965

Title:

The optimal length of contracts with application to outsourcing

Author:

Matthew Ellman

Date:

February 2006

Abstract:

This paper resolves three empirical puzzles in outsourcing by formalizing the adaptation cost of long-term performance contracts. Side-trading with a new partner alongside a long- term contract (to exploit an adaptation-requiring investment) is usually less effective than switching to the new partner when the contract expires. So long-term contracts that prevent holdup of specific investments may induce holdup of adaptation investments. Contract length therefore trades of specific and adaptation investments. Length should increase with the importance and specificity of self-investments, and decrease with the importance of adaptation investments for which side-trading is ineffective. My general model also shows how optimal length falls with cross-investments and wasteful investments.

Keywords:

Contract length, market forces, incomplete contracts, holdup

JEL codes:

D23

Area of Research:

Behavioral and Experimental Economics / Business Economics and Industrial Organization

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