Paper #1120

Title:

Poor, hungry and ignorant: Numeracy and the impact of high food prices in industrializing Britain, 1780-1850

Authors:

Jörg Baten, Dorothee Crayen and Joachim Voth

Date:

October 2007 (Revised: December 2011)

Abstract:

This paper uses the ability to recall one’s age correctly as an indicator of numeracy. We show that low levels of nutrition impaired numeracy in industrializing England, 1780-1850. Numeracy declined markedly among those born during the war years, especially where wheat was dear. England’s nascent welfare state mitigated the negative effect of high food prices on cognitive skills. Nutrition during early development mattered for labor market outcomes: individuals born in periods or countries with high age heaping were more likely to sort into occupations with limited intellectual requirements.

Keywords:

Nutrition, cognitive development, age heaping, numeracy, occupational choice, Industrial Revolution, social spending, poverty traps, effects of war.

JEL codes:

O11, O15, N33, I28

Area of Research:

Economic and Business History

Published in:

Review of Economics and Statistics, forthcoming

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